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646 C
HAPTER 21
Terms & Names
Terms & Names
MAIN IDEA
MAIN IDEA
One American's Story
The Twenties Woman
•flapper •double standard
American women pursued
new lifestyles and assumed
new jobs and different roles
in society during the 1920s.
Workplace opportunities and
trends in family life are still
major issues for women today.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
When Zelda Sayre broke off her engagement with would-be writer F.
Scott Fitzgerald in 1925, she told him that he would have to become
successful on his own. Later, she wrote about how a woman can
achieve greatness.
A PERSONAL VOICE ZELDA SAYRE FITZGERALD
“ Rouge means that women want to choose their man—not take
what lives in the next house. . . . Look back over the pages of history
and see how the loveliness of women has always stirred men—and
nations—on to great achievement! There have been women who were
not pretty, who have swayed hearts and empires, but these women . . .
did not disdain that thing for which paint and powder stands. They wanted to
choose their destinies—to be successful competitors in the great game of life.
”
—“Paint and Powder,” The Smart Set, May 1929
Zelda Sayre and F. Scott Fitzgerald married one week after Scott published his
first novel, and Zelda continued to be the model for Scott’s independent, uncon-
ventional, ambitious female characters. He even copied from her letters and other
writings. Ironically, Zelda’s devotion to her marriage and to motherhood stifled
her career ambitions. Nevertheless, she became a model for a generation of young
American women who wanted to break away from traditions and forget the hard-
ships of the war years.
Young Women Change the Rules
By the 1920s, the experiences of World War I, the pull of cities, and changing atti-
tudes had opened up a new world for many young Americans. These “wild young
people,” wrote John F. Carter, Jr., in a 1920 issue of Atlantic Monthly, were experi-
encing a world unknown to their parents: “We have seen man at his lowest,
woman at her lightest, in the terrible moral chaos of Europe. We have been forced
to question, and in many cases to discard, the religion of our fathers. . . .We have
been forced to live in an atmosphere of ‘tomorrow we die,’ and so, naturally, we
drank and were merry.” In the rebellious, pleasure-loving atmosphere of the twen-
ties, many women began to assert their independence, reject the values of the
19th century, and demand the same freedoms as men.
Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald
p0646-649aspe-0621s2 10/17/02 9:02 AM Page 646
Page 1 of 4
THE FLAPPER
During the twenties, a new ideal emerged for some women: the
flapper, an emancipated young woman who embraced the new fashions and
urban attitudes of the day. Close-fitting felt hats, bright waistless dresses an inch
above the knees, skin-toned silk stockings, sleek pumps, and strings of beads
replaced the dark and prim ankle-length dresses, whalebone corsets, and petti-
coats of Victorian days. Young women clipped their long hair into boyish bobs
and dyed it jet black.
Many young women became more assertive. In their bid for equal status with
men, some began smoking cigarettes, drinking in public, and talking openly
about sex—actions that would have ruined their reputations not many years
before. They danced the fox trot, camel walk, tango, Charleston, and shimmy
with abandon.
Attitudes toward marriage changed as well. Many middle-class men and
women began to view marriage as more of an equal partnership, although both
agreed that housework and child-rearing remained a woman’s job.
THE DOUBLE STANDARD
Magazines, newspapers, and advertisements promot-
ed the image of the flapper, and young people openly discussed courtship and
relationships in ways that scandalized their elders. Although many young women
donned the new outfits and flouted tradition, the flapper was more an image of
rebellious youth than a widespread reality; it did not reflect the attitudes and val-
ues of many young people. During the 1920s, morals loosened only so far.
Traditionalists in churches and schools protested the new casual dances and
women’s acceptance of smoking and drinking.
In the years before World War I, when men “courted” women, they pursued
only women they intended to marry. In the 1920s, however, casual dating became
increasingly accepted. Even so, a double standard—a set of principles granting
greater sexual freedom to men than to women—required women to observe
stricter standards of behavior than men did. As a result, many women were pulled
back and forth between the old standards and the new.
Women Shed Old Roles at Home and at Work
The fast-changing world of the 1920s produced new roles for women in the
workplace and new trends in family life. A booming industrial economy opened
new work opportunities for women in offices, factories, stores, and professions.
The same economy churned out time-saving appliances and products that
reshaped the roles of housewives and mothers.
The Roaring Life of the 1920s 647
Flappers compete
in a Charleston
dance
competition in
1926.
A
▼
A. Possible
Answer
Like: Flappers
used clothing,
hairstyles, and
behavior to
claim a new
freedom.
Unlike: Today’s
women have
more freedoms.
MAIN IDEA
MAIN IDEA
A
Evaluating
How was the
flapper like and
unlike women of
today?
p0646-649aspe-0621s2 10/17/02 9:02 AM Page 647
Page 2 of 4
NEW WORK OPPORTUNITIES
Although women had worked
successfully during the war, afterwards employers who believed
that men had the responsibility to support their families finan-
cially often replaced female workers with men. Women con-
tinued to seek paid employment, but their opportunities
changed. Many female college graduates turned to “women’s
professions” and became teachers, nurses, and librarians. Big
businesses required extensive correspondence and record keep-
ing, creating a huge demand for clerical workers such as typists,
filing clerks, secretaries, stenographers, and office-machine
operators. Others became clerks in stores or held jobs on assem-
bly lines. A handful of women broke the old stereotypes by
doing work once reserved for men, such as flying airplanes, dri-
ving taxis, and drilling oil wells.
By 1930, 10 million women were earning wages; however,
few rose to managerial jobs, and wherever they worked, women
earned less than men. Fearing competition for jobs, men argued
that women were just temporary workers whose real job was at home. Between
1900 and 1930, the patterns of discrimination and inequality for women in the
business world were established.
THE CHANGING FAMILY
Widespread social and economic changes reshaped the
family. The birthrate had been declining for several decades, and it dropped at a
slightly faster rate in the 1920s. This decline was due in part to the wider avail-
ability of birth-control information. Margaret Sanger, who had opened the first
birth-control clinic in the United States in 1916, founded the American Birth
Control League in 1921 and fought for the legal rights of physicians to give birth-
control information to their patients.
At the same time, social and technological innovations simplified household
labor and family life. Stores overflowed with ready-made clothes, sliced bread,
and canned foods. Public agencies provided services for the elderly, public health
clinics served the sick, and workers’ compensation assisted those who could no
longer work. These innovations and institutions had the effect of freeing home-
makers from some of their traditional family responsibilities. Many middle-class
housewives, the main shoppers and money managers, focused their attention on
their homes, husbands, children, and pastimes. “I consider time for reading clubs
and my children more important than . . . careful housework and I just don’t do
it,” said an Indiana woman in the 1920s.
648 C
HAPTER 21
▼
A young woman
works as a
typesetter in a
publishing house
in 1920.
B
B. Answer
Big business
and industry
produced time-
saving appli-
ances that freed
women from
some household
chores, and
business growth
also created
jobs for millions
of women, but
most women
were confined
to traditional
jobs.
MAIN IDEA
MAIN IDEA
B
Analyzing
Effects
How did the
growth of business
and industry
affect women?
Women’s Changing Employment, 1910–1930
1910 1920 1930
Professional
9.1%
Domestic
1
31.3%
Source: Grace Hutchins, Women Who Work
Transportation
& Communication
1.3%
Trade
2
5.9%
Clerical
7.3%
Agriculture
3
22.4%
Manufacturing
& Mechanical
22.6%
1
Includes restaurant workers and beauticians.
2
Includes sales clerks.
3
Includes forestry and fishing.
Professional
11.9%
Domestic
1
25.6%
Transportation
& Communication
2.6%
Trade
2
7.9%
Clerical
16.6%
Agriculture
3
12.7%
Manufacturing
& Mechanical
22.6%
Professional
14.2%
Domestic
1
29.6%
Transportation
& Communication
2.6%
Trade
2
9.0%
Clerical
18.5%
Agriculture
3
8.5%
Manufacturing
& Mechanical
17.5%
p0646-649aspe-0621s2 10/17/02 9:02 AM Page 648
Page 3 of 4
The Roaring Life of the 1920s 649
As their spheres of activity and influence expanded, women experienced
greater equality in marriage. Marriages were based increasingly on romantic love
and companionship. Children, no longer thrown together with adults in factory
work, farm labor, and apprenticeships, spent most of their days at school and in
organized activities with others their own age. At the same time, parents began to
rely more heavily on manuals of child care and the advice of experts.
Working-class and college-educated women quickly discovered the pressure
of juggling work and family, but the strain on working-class women was more
severe. Helen Wright, who worked for the Women’s Bureau in Chicago, recorded
the struggle of an Irish mother of two.
A PERSONAL VOICE HELEN WRIGHT
“ She worked in one of the meat-packing companies, pasting labels from 7 a.m. to
3:30 p.m. She had entered the eldest child at school but sent her to the nursery
for lunch and after school. The youngest was in the nursery all day. She kept her
house ‘immaculately clean and in perfect order,’ but to do so worked until eleven
o’clock every night in the week and on Saturday night she worked until five
o’clock in the morning. She described her schedule as follows: on Tuesday,
Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday she cleaned one room each night; Saturday after-
noon she finished the cleaning and put the house in order; Saturday night she
washed; Sunday she baked; Monday night she ironed.
”
—quoted in Wage-Earning Women
As women adjusted to changing roles, some also struggled with rebellious
adolescents, who put an unprecedented strain on families. Teens in the 1920s
studied and socialized with other teens and spent less time with their families. As
peer pressure intensified, some adolescents resisted parental control, much as the
flappers resisted societal control.
This theme of adolescent rebelliousness can be seen in much of the popular
culture of the 1920s. Education and entertainment reflected the conflict between
traditional attitudes and modern ways of thinking.
C
C. Answer
The birthrate
dropped; house-
hold labor was
simplified by
technology; chil-
dren spent their
days in school;
adolescent
rebelliousness
increased.
MAIN IDEA
MAIN IDEA
C
Summarizing
What changes
affected families
in the 1920s?
•flapper •double standard
1. TERMS & NAMES For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
MAIN IDEA
2. TAKING NOTES
Copy the concept web shown below
and add to it examples that illustrate
how women’s lives changed in the
1920s.
Write a paragraph explaining how
you think women’s lives changed
most dramatically in the 1920s.
CRITICAL THINKING
3. EVALUATING
During the 1920s, a double stan-
dard required women to observe
stricter codes of behavior than men.
Do you think that some women of
this decade made real progress
towards equality? Support your
answer with examples. Think About:
• the flapper’s style and image
• changing views of marriage
4. ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES
In 1920, veteran suffragist Anna
Howard Shaw stated that equality in
the workplace would be harder for
women to achieve than the vote.
“ You younger women will have
a harder task than ours. You will
want equality in business, and it
will be even harder to get than
the vote.
”
—Anna Howard Shaw
Why do you think Shaw held this
belief? Support your answer with
evidence from the text.
lifestyles
families jobs
Changes:
Women in the
1920s
p0646-649aspe-0621s2 10/17/02 9:02 AM Page 649
Page 4 of 4
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