466 C
HAPTER 15
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Diversity and the
National Identity
Before the first Europeans arrived, a variety of cultural groups—coastal fishing
societies, desert farmers, plains and woodland hunters—inhabited North America.
With the arrival of Europeans and Africans, the cultural mix grew more complex.
Although this diversity has often produced tension, it has also been beneficial. As
different groups learned from one another about agriculture, technology, and social
customs, American culture became a rich blend of cultures from around the world.
THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
At the midpoint of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln issued
the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all slaves in areas of the
Union that were in rebellion. Although the Proclamation could not
be enforced immediately, it was a strong statement of opposition
to slavery, and it paved the way for African Americans’ citizenship.
1862–1863
1610s–1870s
SPANISH NORTH AMERICA
Spanish missionaries in the Southwest tried to impose their
culture upon Native Americans. However, many Native
Americans retained aspects of their original cultures even as
they took on Spanish ways. For example, today many Pueblo
Indians of New Mexico perform ancient ceremonies, such as
the Corn Dance, in addition to celebrating the feast days of
Catholic saints. Later, the first cowboys—descendants of the
Spanish—would introduce to white Americans cattle-ranching
techniques developed in Mexico.
THE DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE
The signers of the
Declaration of
Independence were
descendants of immi-
grants. The founders’
ancestors had come to
North America in search
of economic opportunity
and freedom of religious expression.
When the Second Continental
Congress declared a “United States”
in 1776, they acknowledged that the
country would contain diverse regions
and interests. Thus the founders
placed on the presidential seal the
motto “E Pluribus Unum”—“out of
many, one.”
1776
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Immigrants and Urbanization 467
1886
THE STATUE OF LIBERTY
Poet Emma Lazarus wrote the famous lines
inscribed at the foot of the Statue of Liberty,
“Give me your tired, your poor,/Your huddled
masses yearning to breathe free, . . .” The
statue’s dedication took place during the
most extensive wave of immigration the
United States has ever known.
Many native-born Americans felt that
the newcomers should fully immerse
themselves in their new culture. However,
most immigrants combined American
language and customs with their traditional
ways. As immigrants celebrated Independence
Day and Thanksgiving, they introduced into
American culture new celebrations, such as
Chinese New Year and Cinco de Mayo.
2000
21ST-CENTURY DIVERSITY
In 1998, three countries (Mexico, China, and India) con-
tributed a third of the total number of immigrants to the
United States. The rest of 1998’s immigrants came from
countries as diverse as Vietnam, Sudan, and Bosnia.
American athletes at the 2000 Olympic Games in
Sydney, Australia, reflected the increasing diversity of the
U.S., pointing toward a future in which there may no longer
be a majority racial or ethnic group.
THINKING CRITICALLY
THINKING CRITICALLY
CONNECT TO HISTORY
1. Analyzing Motives
Why do you think some groups have
tried to suppress the culture of others over the course of
history? Why have many groups persisted in retaining their
cultural heritage?
SEE SKILLBUILDER HANDBOOK, PAGE R6.
CONNECT TO TODAY
2. Predicting Effects
Research current U.S. policy on
immigration. How might this policy affect cultural diversity?
Write a short editorial from one of the following viewpoints:
• U.S. immigration policy needs to change.
• U.S. immigration policy should be maintained.
IRESEARCH LINKS
CLASSZONE.COM
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