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456 CHAPTER 14
TERMS & NAMES
For each term or name below, write a sentence explaining its
connection to the industrialization of the late 19th century.
1. Thomas Alva Edison 6. Andrew Carnegie
2. Alexander Graham Bell 7. Sherman Antitrust Act
3. George M. Pullman 8. Samuel Gompers
4. transcontinental 9. American Federation of
railroad Labor (AFL)
5. Interstate Commerce Act 10. Mary Harris Jones
MAIN IDEAS
Use your notes and the information in the chapter to answer
the following questions.
The Expansion of Industry (pages 436–439)
1. How did the growth of the steel industry influence the
development of other industries?
2. How did inventions and developments in the late 19th
century change the way people worked?
The Age of the Railroads (pages 442–446)
3. Why did people, particularly farmers, demand regulation of
the railroads in the late 19th century?
4. Why were attempts at railroad regulation often unsuccessful?
Big Business and Labor (pages 447–455)
5. Why were business leaders such as John D. Rockefeller
called robber barons?
6. Why did the South industrialize more slowly than the
North did?
7. Why did workers form unions in the late 19th century?
8. What factors limited the success of unions?
CRITICAL THINKING
1. USING YOUR NOTES In a chart like the one shown, list what
you see as the overall costs and benefits of industrialization.
2.
RECOGNIZING BIAS In 1902 George Baehr, head of the
Philadelphia and Reading Railway Company, said, “The rights
and interests of the labor man will be protected and cared for
not by the labor agitators but by the Christian men to whom
God in his infinite wisdom has given the control of the proper-
ty interests of the country.” What bias does this statement
reveal? How does Baehr’s view reflect Social Darwinism?
3. IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS Consider the problems that late-
19th-century workers faced and the problems that workers
face today. How important do you think unions are for present-
day workers? Support your answer.
A N
EW
I
NDUSTRIAL
A
GE
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
VISUAL SUMMARY
INDUSTRIALIZATION
Costs Benefits
BIG BUSINESS BOOMS
1880–1914
IMMEDIATE CAUSES
• expansion of railroads in late 1800s
• cheap labor supply provided by
increasing immigration
• burst of technological innovation
• new management techniques and
business strategies
• investment capital
• abundant natural resources
• harnessing of early power sources
such as water and coal
• invention of the steam engine
• construction of roads, canals, and
railroads in early 1800s
LONG-
TERM CAUSES
IMMEDIATE EFFECTS
• growth of large corporations
• new and plentiful manufactured goods
• poor working conditions in factories
and sweatshops
• increased labor activism
LONG-TERM EFFECTS
• regional economies are linked
• labor movement wins shorter workweek
p0456-457aspe-0414ca 10/16/02 4:14 PM Page 456
Page 1 of 2
A New Industrial Age 457
ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
1. Recall your answer to the
question on page 435:
What are the pros and cons of
railroad expansion?
Consider how your answer might be different
based on what you now know about the effects of
railroad expansion and business consolidation. Then
write a newspaper editorial about the Great Strike of
1877 (see page 453), supporting the position of
either the railroad owners or the striking workers.
2.
LEARNING FROM MEDIA View the
American Stories video, “Gusher!
Pattillo Higgins and the Great Texas Oil Boom.”
Discuss the following questions with a small group;
then do the activity.
• What were the effects of the discovery of oil at
Spindletop?
• What lessons can people learn from Pattillo
Higgins?
Cooperative Learning Activity Make a poster
describing Pattillo Higgins’s personal qualities
and how they helped him to achieve his dream.
What present-day figures share Higgins’s traits? Add
images of these people, with captions, to the poster
and display it in your classroom.
INTERACT
INTERACT
WITH HISTORY
WITH HISTORY
Standardized Test Practice
ITEST PRACTICE
CLASSZONE.COM
ADDITIONAL TEST PRACTICE, pages S1–S33.
Use the quotation below and your knowledge of U.S.
history to answer question 1.
“ No man, however benevolent, liberal, and wise,
can use a large fortune so that it will do half as
much good in the world as it would if it were divided
into moderate sums and in the hands of workmen
who had earned it by industry and frugality.
”
—Rutherford B. Hayes, from The Diary and Letters
of Rutherford Birchard Hayes
1. Which of the following people could best be
described by Rutherford B. Hayes’s words
benevolent, liberal, and a large fortune?
A Thomas Edison
B Eugene V. Debs
C Charles Darwin
D Andrew Carnegie
2. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) differed
from the Knights of Labor in that the AFL
focused on —
F collective bargaining and aggressive use of
strikes.
G organizing both skilled and unskilled workers.
H arbitration and use of strikes as a last resort.
J winning a shorter workweek.
3. How did the railroads both benefit from and
contribute to the industrialization of the United
States?
A The railroads needed government protection,
and their development helped government grow.
B The railroads used new inventions and brought
people to see the inventions.
C The railroads used steel and coal and delivered
both to new markets.
D The railroads needed passengers, and
passengers needed to get to new industries.
4. In the 19th century, government attempts to
regulate industry in the United States included
the Interstate Commerce Act (1887) and the
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890). What posed the
biggest obstacle to enforcement of these laws?
F the business tactics of industrialists
G the use of vertical integration
H the rulings of the Supreme Court
J the theory of Social Darwinism
p0456-457aspe-0414ca 10/16/02 4:14 PM Page 457
Page 2 of 2
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