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Gold Mining GOLD! Some struck it richsome struck (Caggia Social Studies)

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Gold Mining
GOLD! Some struck it rich—some struck out. Between the Civil War and the turn of
the century, deposits of the precious yellow metal were discovered in scattered sites
from the Black Hills of South Dakota and Cripple Creek, Colorado, to Nome, Alaska.
The dream of riches lured hundreds of thousands of prospectors into territories that
were previously inhabited only by native peoples. The fortune seekers came from all
walks: grizzled veterans from the California gold rush of 1849, youths seeking
adventure, middle-class professionals, and even some families.
▼
SLUICES AND ROCKERS
In 1898, prospectors like this mother and son in
Fairbanks, Alaska, found sluicing to be more efficient
than panning, since it could extract gold from soil. They
would shovel soil into a sluice—a trough through which
water flowed—and the water would carry off lightweight
materials. The gold sank to the bottom, where it was
caught in wooden ridges called cleats. A rocker was a
portable sluice that combined the mobility of panning
with the efficiency of sluicing.
▼
PANNING FOR GOLD
At the start of a gold rush,
prospectors usually looked for
easily available gold—particles
eroded from rocks and washed
downstream. Panning for it was
easy—even children could do it.
They scooped up mud and water
from the streambed in a flat pan
and swirled it. The circular motion
of the water caused the sand to
wash over the side and the
remaining minerals to form layers
according to weight. Gold, which
is heavier than most other
minerals, sank to the bottom.
▼
p0418-419aspe-0413dl 10/16/02 4:12 PM Page 418
Page 1 of 2
FILE
DATA
DATA
Changes on the Western Frontier 419
IN THE BOWELS OF THE EARTH
Although surface gold could be extracted by panning and
sluicing, most gold was located in veins in underground
rock. Mining these deposits involved digging tunnels
along the veins of gold and breaking up tons of ore—
hard and dangerous work. Tunnels often collapsed, and
miners who weren’t killed were trapped in utter darkness
for days.
Heat was a problem, too. As miners descended into
the earth, the temperature inside the mine soared. At a
depth of about 2,000 feet,
the temperature of the
water that invariably flood-
ed the bottom of a mine
could be 160°F.
Cave-ins and hot water
weren’t the only dangers
that miners faced. The
pressure in the under-
ground rock sometimes
became so intense that it
caused deadly explosions.
▼
A FAMILY AFFAIR
This early placer, or surface, mine at Cripple Creek
attracted many women and children. It grew out of the
vision of a young rancher, Bob Womack. He had found
gold particles washed down from higher land and was
convinced that the Cripple Creek area was literally a
gold mine.
Because Womack was generally disliked, the com-
munity ignored him. When a German count struck gold
there, however, business boomed. Womack died penni-
less—but the mines produced a $400 million bonanza.
▼
BOOM TO BUST
This old signpost from Gleeson, Nevada, illustrates
how a gold-rush town that had mushroomed overnight
could die just as quickly when the gold ran out.
LONG ODDS
These statistics for the Klondike gold rush, from 1896 to
1899, show the incredible odds against striking it rich.
DEADLY DIGGING
An estimated 7,500 people died while digging
for gold and silver during the Western gold
rushes. That was more than the total number
of people who died in the Indian wars.
100,000 people set out for the Klondike.
40,000 people make it.
20,000 stake claims.
4,000 prospectors find gold.
200 become rich.
THINKING CRITICALLY
THINKING CRITICALLY
CONNECT TO HISTORY
1. Creating Graphs
Use the Data File to create a bar
graph that shows the percentage of people who set out for
the Klondike who did not get there, got there, staked
claims, found gold, and became rich.
SEE SKILLBUILDER HANDBOOK, PAGE R30.
CONNECT TO TODAY
2. Researching Ghost Towns
Research the history of a
ghost town from boom to bust. Present a short report on
life in the town and its attempts to survive beyond the
gold rush.
IRESEARCH LINKS
CLASSZONE.COM
p0418-419aspe-0413dl 10/16/02 4:12 PM Page 419
Page 2 of 2
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