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66 C
HAPTER 3
One American's Story
England and Its Colonies
With her father fighting for Britain in the West Indies
and her mother ill, 17-year-old Eliza Lucas was left to
manage the family’s South Carolina plantations. On
her own, the enterprising Eliza became the first per-
son in the colonies to grow indigo and developed a
way of extracting its deep blue dye. Eliza hoped that
her indigo crops would add not only to her family’s
fortune but to that of the British empire.
A PERSONAL VOICE ELIZA LUCAS PINCKNEY
“ We please ourselves with the prospect of exporting
in a few years a good quantity from hence, and sup-
plying our mother country [Great Britain] with a man-
ufacture for which she has so great a demand, and
which she is now supplied with from the French
colonies, and many thousand pounds per annum
[year] thereby lost to the nation, when she might
as well be supplied here, if the matter were applied
to in earnest.
”
—quoted in South Carolina:
A Documentary Profile of the Palmetto State
English settlers like the Lucases exported raw materials such as indigo dye to
England, and in return they imported English manufactured goods. This eco-
nomic relationship benefited both England and its colonies.
England and Its Colonies Prosper
Although many colonists benefited from the trade relationship with the home
country, the real purpose of the colonial system was to enrich Britain.
MERCANTILISM
The British interest in establishing colonies was influenced by
the theory of mercantilism, which held that a country’s ultimate goal was self-
sufficiency and that all countries were in a competition to acquire the most gold
and silver.
Terms & Names
Terms & Names
MAIN IDEA
MAIN IDEA
•mercantilism
•Parliament
•Navigation Acts
•Dominion of
New England
•Sir Edmund
Andros
•Glorious
Revolution
•salutary neglect
England and its largely
self-governing colonies
prospered under a mutually
beneficial trade relationship.
The colonial system of self-
governing colonies was the
forerunner of our modern
system of self-governing states.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
African slaves working on an indigo plantation
in the West Indies; fresh water in a series of
leaching basins extracts the dye from the plant.
▼
Skillbuilder
Answers:
1. Appalachian
Mountains
2. New England
and Middle
colonies: ship-
building, fish-
ing, and ship-
ping; Southern
colonies:
tobacco and
rice. Geography
may account
for these
differences.
p0066-71aspe-0103s1 10/16/02 3:50 PM Page 66
Page 1 of 6
35°N
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(1636)
(1625)
(1681)
(1607)
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(1663)
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(1623)
(1660)
(Plymouth, 1620;
Mass. Bay, 1630)
(1638)
(1634)
(1732)
NEW
HAMPSHIRE
MASSACHUSETTS
NEW YORK
CONNECTICUT
RHODE
ISLAND
NEW
JERSEY
PENNSYLVANIA
DELAWARE
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GEORGIA
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New England colonies
Middle colonies
Southern colonies
Other British possessions
French possessions
Spanish possessions
0 100 200 kilometers
0 100 200 miles
N
S
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The Colonies Come of Age 67
The Thirteen Colonies to the 1700s
Economic Activities
New England colonies
Massachusetts .........shipbuilding, shipping, fishing,
lumber, rum, meat products
New Hampshire ........ship masts, lumber, fishing, trade,
shipping, livestock, foodstuffs
Connecticut ..............rum, iron foundries, shipbuilding
Rhode Island ............snuff, livestock
Middle colonies
New York..................furs, wheat, glass, shoes,
livestock, shipping, shipbuilding,
rum, beer, snuff
Delaware..................trade, foodstuffs
New Jersey...............trade, foodstuffs, copper
Pennsylvania ............flax, shipbuilding
Southern colonies
Virginia.....................tobacco, wheat, cattle, iron
Maryland..................tobacco, wheat, snuff
North Carolina ..........naval supplies, tobacco, furs
South Carolina..........rice, indigo, silk
Georgia ....................indigo, rice, naval supplies, lumber
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER
1.
Location What geographical feature determined the
western boundaries of the Southern and Middle colonies?
2.
Region How did the New England and Middle colonies’
economies differ in general from the economy of the
South? What may have accounted for this difference?
p0066-71aspe-0103s1 10/16/02 3:50 PM Page 67
Page 2 of 6
Inspired by mercantilism, nations concentrated on the balance of trade—the
amount of goods sold compared to the amount bought—since a favorable balance
meant that more gold was coming in than going out. Thus Britain looked to its
American colonies as a market for British goods, a source of raw materials that
were not native to Britain, and as a producer of goods and materials to be sold to
other nations.
THE NAVIGATION ACTS
By the mid-1600s, the American colonies were fulfilling
their role, at least partially. The colonists exported to England large amounts of raw
materials and staples—lumber, furs, fish, and tobacco. In addition, the colonists
bought manufactured English goods such as furniture, utensils, books, and china.
However, not all the products the colonists produced for export ended up on
English docks. Some of the colonists’ lumber and tobacco made
its way into the harbors of Spain, France, and Holland. With the
nations of Europe clamoring for their goods, many colonial mer-
chants could not resist the opportunity to increase their wealth.
England viewed the colonists’ pursuit of foreign markets as
an economic threat. According to mercantilist theory, any
wealth flowing from the colonies to another nation came at
the expense of the home country. As a result, beginning in
1651, England’s Parliament, the country’s legislative body,
passed the Navigation Acts, a series of laws restricting colo-
nial trade (see chart at left).
The system created by the Navigation Acts benefited
England and proved to be good for most colonists as well.
Passing all foreign goods through England yielded jobs for
English dockworkers and import taxes for the English treasury.
Also, by restricting trade to English or colonial ships, the acts
spurred a boom in the colonial shipbuilding industry.
Tensions Emerge
The Navigation Acts, however, did not sit well
with everyone. A number of colonial mer-
chants resented the trade restrictions, and
many continued to smuggle, or trade illegally,
goods to and from other countries. For years
England did little to stop these violations.
Finally, in 1684, King Charles II acted, punish-
ing those colonists whom he believed most
resisted English authority: the leaders and mer-
chants of Massachusetts.
CRACKDOWN IN MASSACHUSETTS
Charles
certainly had evidence to support his belief.
The Puritan leaders of Massachusetts had long
professed their hostility to royal authority and
even suggested that their corporate charter did
not require them to obey Parliament.
In 1684, after failing to persuade
Massachusetts to obey English laws, England
revoked the colony’s corporate charter.
A
The Navigation Acts
• No countr y could trade with
the colonies unless the
goods were shipped in either
colonial or English ships.
• All vessels had to be operat-
ed by crews that were at
least three-quarters English
or colonial.
• The colonies could expor t cer-
tain products only to England.
• Almost all goods traded
between the colonies and
Europe first had to pass
through an English port.
MAIN IDEA
MAIN IDEA
A
Analyzing
Effects
What effects
did the Navigation
Acts have on both
Britain and its
colonies?
A. Answer The
Navigation Acts
yielded jobs for
English dock-
workers and
import taxes for
the English trea-
sury. They also
spurred a boom
in the colonial
shipbuilding
industry.
68 C
HAPTER 3
Image not available
for use on CD-ROM.
Please refer to the
image in the textbook.
p0066-71aspe-0103s1 10/16/02 3:50 PM Page 68
Page 3 of 6
B
Massachusetts, the “Puritan utopia,” was suddenly a royal colony, under strict
control of the crown.
THE DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND
When King James II succeeded his broth-
er Charles in 1685, he immediately aggravated the situation. Seeking to make the
colonial governments more obedient, he placed the Northern colonies under a
single ruler in Boston. Within three years, the land from southern Maine to New
Jersey was united into one vast colony, the Dominion of New England.
To rule New England, James picked Sir Edmund Andros, a veteran military
officer from an aristocratic English family. Andros made his hard-line attitude
toward the colonists clear: “You have no more privileges left you, than not to be
sold for slaves.” Within weeks of arriving in Boston, Andros managed to make
thousands of enemies. He angered Puritans by questioning the lawfulness of their
religion. He made it clear that the Navigation Acts would be enforced and smug-
glers prosecuted. Furthermore, he restricted local assemblies and levied taxes
without any input from local leaders.
Andros’s behavior outraged the Northern colonists.
In 1688, the colonists of Massachusetts sent their most
prominent minister, Increase Mather, to London to try to
get their old charter restored and Andros recalled.
However, before Mather could put his diplomatic skills to
work, a bloodless revolution in England changed the
entire political picture.
THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
While King James’s
actions had made him few friends in the colonies, his
religious leanings made him even less popular back
home. A Roman Catholic who ruled with little respect for
Parliament, James had no idea how much his subjects
valued their Protestantism and their parliamentary
rights. When James fathered a son in 1688, England sud-
denly faced the possibility of a dynasty of Roman
Catholic monarchs.
To head off that possibility, Parliament invited
William of Orange, the husband of James’s Protestant
daughter Mary, to England. William and his army sailed
from Holland as James fled the country. In 1689
Parliament voted to offer the throne to William and
Mary. In the aftermath of these events, which became
known as the Glorious Revolution, Parliament passed
a series of laws establishing its power over the monarch.
Upon learning of the events in England, the colonists
of Massachusetts staged a bloodless rebellion of their
own, arresting Andros and his royal councilors.
Parliament rapidly restored to their original status the
colonies that had been absorbed by the Dominion of New
England. In restoring Massachusetts’s charter, however,
the English government made several changes. The new
charter, granted in 1691, called for the king to appoint
the governor of Massachusetts and required more reli-
gious toleration and non-Puritan representation in the
colonial assembly. The Puritans would no longer be able
to persecute such groups as the Anglicans—members of
the Church of England—and the Quakers.
Background
The Puritans were
particularly cruel
to Quakers, who
were whipped,
maimed, tortured,
and executed as
punishment for
their religious
customs.
W
O
R
L
D
S
T
A
G
E
W
O
R
L
D
S
T
A
G
E
ENGLAND BECOMES
GREAT BRITAIN
During the period covered in this
chapter, England completed the
process of absorbing the other
kingdoms of the British Isles.
This process started when
England joined with Wales in
1536. However, to the north of
England, Scotland continued to
resist English attempts at control.
Weary from constant war fare,
the two countries signed the Act
of Union in 1707, which joined
them as Great Britain.
Today this process of centraliza-
tion has been reversed. The
English Parliament has begun the
process of devolution—returning
political power to its Celtic neigh-
bors—by reestablishing the
Scottish Parliament and creating
a Welsh Assembly.
ENGLAND
IRELAND
(under
British rule)
WALES
SCOTLAND
The Colonies Come of Age 69
MAIN IDEA
MAIN IDEA
B
Developing
Historical
Perspective
Why did
England take
action against
Massachusetts?
B. Answer
England
punished
Massachusetts
because many
colonial mer-
chants contin-
ued to smuggle
goods and dis-
obey English
laws.
p0066-71aspe-0103s1 10/16/02 3:50 PM Page 69
Page 4 of 6
England Loosens the Reins
After 1688, England largely turned its attention away from the colonies and
toward France, which was competing with England for control of Europe. The
home country still expected the colonies to perform their duties of exporting raw
materials and importing manufactured goods. As long as they did this, Parliament
saw little reason to devote large amounts of money and large numbers of soldiers
to aggressively enforcing its colonial laws.
SALUTARY NEGLECT
Ironically, England ushered in its new policy of neglect
with an attempt to increase its control over the colonies. In the years immediate-
ly following the Glorious Revolution, Parliament strengthened the Navigation
Acts in two ways. First, it moved smuggling trials from colonial courts—with
juries composed of colonists who often found colonial smugglers innocent—to
admiralty courts presided over by English judges. Second, it created the Board of
Trade, an advisory board with broad powers to monitor colonial trade.
While England appeared to tighten its colonial grip, in reality it loosened its
hold. English officials only lightly enforced the new measures as they settled into
an overall colonial policy that became known as salutary neglect. Salutary—ben-
eficial—neglect meant that England relaxed its enforcement of most regulations in
return for the continued economic loyalty of the colonies. As long as raw materials
continued flowing into the homeland and the colonists continued to buy English-
produced goods, Parliament did not supervise the colonies closely.
THE SEEDS OF SELF-GOVERNMENT
This policy of salutary neglect had an
important effect on colonial politics as well as economics. In nearly every colony,
a governor appointed by the king served as the highest authority. The governor
presided over a political structure that included an advisory council, usually
appointed by the governor, and a local assembly, elected by eligible colonists
(land-owning white males). The governor held a wide range of powers. He had the
authority to call and disband the assembly, appoint and dismiss judges, and over-
see all aspects of colonial trade.
70 C
HAPTER 3
Charles II (1660–1685)
Angered by Massachusetts’s
refusal to obey English law, he
revoked the colony’s charter in
1684 and brought Massachusetts
under royal control.
James II (1685–1688)
He consolidated the Northern
colonies into the Dominion of New
England in 1686 and enlisted Sir
Edmund Andros to rule the region.
English Rulers’ Colonial Policies
C
William and Mary (1689–1702)
They succeeded James II after the Glorious
Revolution of 1688 and helped establish the
supremacy of Parliament. Parliament then
dissolved the Dominion of New England and
restored the colonies’ charters.
MAIN IDEA
MAIN IDEA
C
Synthesizing
How did both
the colonies and
Great Britain
benefit from the
policy of salutary
neglect?
C. Answer
Colonies:
Enjoyed greater
freedom.
England:
Decreased
administrative
costs, continued
to receive raw
materials, and
retained a mar-
ket for manufac-
tured goods.
p0066-71aspe-0103s1 10/16/02 3:50 PM Page 70
Page 5 of 6
The Colonies Come of Age 71
•mercantilism
•Parliament
•Navigation Acts
•Dominion of New England
•Sir Edmund Andros
•Glorious Revolution
•salutary neglect
1. TERMS & NAMES For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
MAIN IDEA
2. TAKING NOTES
Create a problem-solution chart
similar to the one below. Fill it in
with steps that England took to
solve its economic and political
problems with the colonists.
Which policy might colonists have
resented most and why?
CRITICAL THINKING
3. ANALYZING ISSUES
Reread Grew’s warning quoted
above. Explain why the British
did not want this to happen.
Think About:
• the goals of mercantilism
• what might happen to Great
Britain’s economy if Grew’s
prediction came true
4. SUMMARIZING
How did political events in England
affect the lives of the colonists?
Use evidence from the text to
support your response.
5. PREDICTING EFFECTS
Britain established policies to
control the American colonies but
was inconsistent in its enforcement
of those policies. What results
might be expected from such
inconsistency?
However, just as England’s economic poli-
cies were stronger in print than in practice, its
colonial governors were not as powerful as they
might seem. The colonial assembly, not the
king, paid the governor’s salary. Using their
power of the purse liberally, the colonists influ-
enced the governor in a variety of ways, from the
approval of laws to the appointment of judges.
Under England’s less-than-watchful eye,
the colonies were developing a taste for self-
government that would eventually create the
conditions for rebellion. Nehemiah Grew, a
British mercantilist, voiced an early concern
about the colonies’ growing self-determination.
He warned his fellow subjects in 1707.
A PERSONAL VOICE NEHEMIAH GREW
“ The time may come . . . when the colonies may become populous and with the
increase of arts and sciences strong and politic, forgetting their relation to the
mother countries, will then confederate and consider nothing further than the
means to support their ambition of standing on their [own] legs.
”
—quoted in The Colonial Period of American History
However, the policy of salutary neglect that characterized British and colonial
relations throughout the first half of the 1700s worked in large part because of the
colonists’ loyalty to Britain. The men and women of the colonies still considered
themselves loyal British subjects, eager to benefit the empire as well as them-
selves. Aside from a desire for more economic and political breathing room, the
colonies had little in common with one another that would unite them against
Britain. In particular, the Northern and Southern colonies were developing dis-
tinct societies, based on sharply contrasting economic systems.
Problem
The sketch above depicts a Puritan meetinghouse built at
Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1683. Meetinghouses served
a double purpose, as community halls where people voted
on local issues and as religious buildings.
▼
Keeping the
colonies under
economic and
political control
Solutions
1. in 1651
2. in 1686
3. after 1688
p0066-71aspe-0103s1 10/16/02 3:50 PM Page 71
Page 6 of 6
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