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Civil Rights Thomas Jefferson asserted in the Declaration (Caggia Social Studies)

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Civil Rights
Thomas Jefferson asserted in the Declaration of Independence that “all men are created equal” and are
endowed with the “unalienable rights” of “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” With these
words, a new nation was founded on the principle that citizens have certain fundamental civil rights.
These include the right to vote, the right to enjoy freedom of speech and religion, and others. For more
than 200 years, the United States has stood as a worldwide example of a country committed to secur-
ing the rights of its people.
However, throughout the nation’s history, some Americans have
had to struggle to obtain even the most basic civil rights. Laws or cus-
toms prevented certain people from voting freely, from speaking
their minds on political issues, and from living and going where they
wish. Over time, many of these barriers have been torn down.
In recent years, the United States has tried to promote human
rights in other countries through its foreign policy. Even as it does so,
the United States continues to struggle to fulfill for all Americans the
lofty ideals established by the nation’s founders.
BILL OF RIGHTS
During the Constitutional Convention, the question of a bill of
rights arose, but none was included. During the process of
ratification, many people argued that the Constitution needed
to list the basic civil rights and liberties that the federal gov-
ernment could not take away from the people.
Accordingly, the nation ratified ten amendments to the
Constitution—the Bill of Rights. It establishes such rights as
freedom of speech, religion, and assembly, freedom of the
press, and the right to a trial by jury. While these rights have
been subject to interpretation over the nation’s history, the Bill
of Rights serves as the cornerstone of American democracy.
1791
THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT
In the engraving above, a crowd of
black and white Americans celebrates
the passage of the Civil Rights Act of
1866. This act recognized the citizen-
ship of African Americans and granted
the same civil rights to all people born
in the United States except Native
Americans.
The Fourteenth Amendment, rati-
fied two years later, made these
changes part of the Constitution. The
Amendment declared that states can-
not deny anyone “equal protection of
the laws” and extended the right to
vote to all 21-year-old males, including
former slaves.
Despite these provisions, African
Americans and other groups would still
struggle to claim their full rights as
U.S. citizens.
▼
1868
▼
930 C
HAPTER 29
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Civil Rights 931
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Despite the Fourteenth Amendment
and later the Fifteenth Amendment,
which forbade states from denying any-
one the right to vote on account of
race, African Americans continued to
live as second-class citizens, especially
in the South.
During the 1950s and 1960s,
African Americans and other Americans
led a powerful movement to fight for
racial equality. The movement often
met with strong resistance, such as in
Birmingham, Alabama, where police
sprayed demonstrators with high-pres-
sure fire hoses (right). Nevertheless, it
succeeded in securing for African
Americans the civil rights promised by
the Constitution and the Declaration of
Independence. The civil rights move-
ment has also been the basis
for other groups gaining equal
rights, including other minori-
ties, women, and people with
disabilities.
1950s
& 1960s
▼
HUMAN RIGHTS
President Jimmy Carter considered human rights an
important foreign policy issue. Human rights are what
Americans think of as their civil rights, including the
right to vote and to receive a fair trial. The Carter admin-
istration tried to encourage greater freedom abroad by
taking such steps as cutting off military aid to countries
with poor human rights records.
While these efforts met with mixed results, the
issue of human rights has continued to influence U.S.
foreign policy. In the 1990s, for example, the U.S. gov-
ernment tried to push China toward increasing human
rights while keeping alive its trade ties with that country.
As a private citizen, Jimmy Carter has also contin-
ued to champion human rights causes. In 1982, he and
his wife, Rosalynn, founded the Carter Center, whose
programs seek to end human rights abuses and pro-
mote democracy worldwide.
1970s
▼
THINKING CRITICALLY
THINKING CRITICALLY
CONNECT TO HISTORY
1. Analyzing Issues
The Fourteenth and Fifteenth
Amendments both provided for the voting rights of
African Americans. Based on what you have read in the
chapter, how were these rights denied African
Americans? How were they finally secured?
SEE SKILLBUILDER HANDBOOK, PAGE R14.
CONNECT TO TODAY
2. Writing About Rights
Have you or anyone you’ve
known had their civil rights denied them in any way?
Research a current-day instance of an alleged civil
rights injustice. Write an account of the issue and
share it with your class.
IRESEARCH LINKS
CLASSZONE.COM
p0930-931aspe-0829tt 10/17/02 9:21 AM Page 931
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