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Terms & Names
Terms & Names
MAIN IDEA
MAIN IDEA
•José Martí
•Valeriano Weyler
•yellow journalism
•U.S.S. Maine
•George Dewey
•Rough Riders
•San Juan Hill
•Treaty of Paris
In 1898, the United States
went to war to help Cuba win
its independence from Spain.
U.S. involvement in Latin
America and Asia increased
greatly as a result of the war
and continues today.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Early in 1896, James Creelman traveled to Cuba as a New York
World reporter, covering the second Cuban war for independ-
ence from Spain. While in Havana, he wrote columns about his
observations of the war. His descriptions of Spanish atrocities
aroused American sympathy for Cubans.
A PERSONAL VOICE JAMES CREELMAN
“ No man’s life, no man’s property is safe [in Cuba]. American
citizens are imprisoned or slain without cause. American prop-
erty is destroyed on all sides. . . . Wounded soldiers can be
found begging in the streets of Havana. . . . The horrors of a
barbarous struggle for the extermination of the native popula-
tion are witnessed in all parts of the country. Blood on the
roadsides, blood in the fields, blood on the doorsteps, blood,
blood, blood! . . . Is there no nation wise enough, brave
enough to aid this blood-smitten land?
”
—New York World, May 17, 1896
Newspapers during that period often exaggerated stories
like Creelman’s to boost their sales as well as to provoke
American intervention in Cuba.
Cubans Rebel Against Spain
By the end of the 19th century, Spain—once the most powerful colonial nation
on earth—had lost most of its colonies. It retained only the Philippines and the
island of Guam in the Pacific, a few outposts in Africa, and the Caribbean islands
of Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Americas.
AMERICAN INTEREST IN CUBA
The United States had long held an interest in
Cuba, which lies only 90 miles south of Florida. In 1854, diplomats recommend-
ed to President Franklin Pierce that the United States buy Cuba from Spain. The
Spanish responded by saying that they would rather see Cuba sunk in the ocean.
One American's Story
The Spanish-
American War
▼
Cuban rebels burn
the town of Jaruco
in March 1896.
552 C
HAPTER 18
p0552-557aspe-0518s2 10/17/02 8:55 AM Page 552
Page 1 of 6
But American interest in Cuba continued. When the
Cubans rebelled against Spain between 1868 and 1878,
American sympathies went out to the Cuban people.
The Cuban revolt against Spain was not successful, but
in 1886 the Cuban people did force Spain to abolish slavery.
After the emancipation of Cuba’s slaves, American capital-
ists began investing millions of dollars in large sugar cane
plantations on the island.
THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE
Anti-Spanish
sentiment in Cuba soon erupted into a second war for inde-
pendence. José Martí, a Cuban poet and journalist in
exile in New York, launched a revolution in 1895. Martí
organized Cuban resistance against Spain, using an active
guerrilla campaign and deliberately destroying property,
especially American-owned sugar mills and plantations.
Martí counted on provoking U.S. intervention to help the
rebels achieve Cuba Libre!—a free Cuba.
Public opinion in the United States was split. Many
business people wanted the government to support Spain in
order to protect their investments. Other Americans, how-
ever, were enthusiastic about the rebel cause. The cry “Cuba
Libre!” was, after all, similar in sentiment to Patrick Henry’s
“Give me liberty or give me death!”
War Fever Escalates
In 1896, Spain responded to the Cuban revolt by sending
General Valeriano Weyler to Cuba to restore order.
Weyler tried to crush the rebellion by herding the entire
rural population of central and western Cuba into barbed-
wire concentration camps. Here civilians could not give aid
to rebels. An estimated 300,000 Cubans filled these camps,
where thousands died from hunger and disease.
HEADLINE WARS
Weyler’s actions fueled a war over news-
paper circulation that had developed between the American
newspaper tycoons William Randolph Hearst and Joseph
Pulitzer. To lure readers, Hearst’s New York Journal and
Pulitzer’s New York World printed exaggerated accounts—by reporters such as
James Creelman—of “Butcher” Weyler’s brutality. Stories of poisoned wells and of
children being thrown to the sharks deepened American sympathy for the rebels.
This sensational style of writing, which exaggerates the news to lure and enrage
readers, became known as yellow journalism.
Hearst and Pulitzer fanned war fever. When Hearst sent the gifted artist
Frederic Remington to Cuba to draw sketches of reporters’ stories, Remington
informed the publisher that a war between the United States and Spain seemed
very unlikely. Hearst reportedly replied, “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish
the war.”
THE DE LÔME LETTER
American sympathy for “Cuba Libre!” grew with each
day’s headlines. When President William McKinley took office in 1897, demands
for American intervention in Cuba were on the rise. Preferring to avoid war with
Spain, McKinley tried diplomatic means to resolve the crisis. At first, his efforts
appeared to succeed. Spain recalled General Weyler, modified the policy regard-
ing concentration camps, and offered Cuba limited self-government.
America Claims an Empire 553
A
Vocabulary
guerrilla: a
member of a
military force that
harasses the
enemy
MAIN IDEA
MAIN IDEA
A
Analyzing
Motives
Why did José
Martí encourage
Cuban rebels to
destroy sugar mills
and plantations?
A. Answer
Martí hoped to
provoke the
United States
into helping
Cuba win inde-
pendence from
Spain.
K
E
Y
P
L
A
Y
E
R
K
E
Y
P
L
A
Y
E
R
JOSÉ MARTÍ
1853–1895
The Cuban political activist José
Martí dedicated his life to achiev-
ing independence for Cuba.
Expelled from Cuba at the age of
16 because of his revolutionary
activities, Martí earned a mas-
ter’s degree and a law degree.
He eventually settled in the
United States.
Wary of the U.S. role in the
Cuban struggle against the
Spanish, Martí warned, “I know
the Monster, because I have lived
in its lair.” His fears of U.S. impe-
rialism turned out to have been
well-founded. U.S. troops occu-
pied Cuba on and off from 1906
until 1922.
Martí died fighting for Cuban
independence in 1895. He is
revered today in Cuba as a hero
and martyr.
p0552-557aspe-0518s2 10/17/02 8:55 AM Page 553
Page 2 of 6
In February 1898, however, the New York Journal published a private letter
written by Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, the Spanish minister to the United States. A
Cuban rebel had stolen the letter from a Havana post office and leaked it to the
newspaper, which was thirsty for scandal. The de Lôme letter criticized President
McKinley, calling him “weak” and “a bidder for the admiration of the crowd.”
The embarrassed Spanish government apologized, and the minister resigned. Still,
Americans were angry over the insult to their president.
THE U.S.S. MAINE EXPLODES
Only a few days after the publication of the
de Lôme letter, American resentment toward Spain turned to outrage. Early in
1898, President McKinley had ordered the U.S.S. Maine to Cuba to bring
home American citizens in danger from the fighting and to protect American
property. On February 15, 1898, the ship blew up in the harbor of Havana. More
than 260 men were killed.
To this day, no one really knows why the ship exploded. In 1898, however,
American newspapers claimed the Spanish had blown up the ship. The Journal’s
headline read “The warship Maine was split in two by an enemy’s secret infernal
machine.” Hearst’s paper offered a reward of $50,000 for the capture of the
Spaniards who supposedly had committed the outrage.
War with Spain Erupts
Now there was no holding back the forces that wanted war. “Remember the
Maine!” became the rallying cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba. It made no differ-
ence that the Spanish government agreed, on April 9, to almost everything the
United States demanded, including a six-month cease-fire.
B
When the U.S.S. Maine exploded in the harbor of Havana, newspapers like the New York
Journal were quick to place the blame on Spain.
▼
554 C
HAPTER 18
B. Answer
Publication of
the de Lôme let-
ter, which criti-
cized President
McKinley, and
the explosion of
the U.S.S.
Maine, which
many Americans
blamed on
Spain.
MAIN IDEA
MAIN IDEA
B
Summarizing
What events
increased the
tension between
the United States
and Spain?
p0552-557aspe-0518s2 10/17/02 8:55 AM Page 554
Page 3 of 6
D
e
w
e
y
A
p
r
.
2
5
–
M
a
y
1
,
1
8
9
8
PACIFIC
OCEAN
South
China
Sea
Sula
Sea
20˚N
10˚N
120
˚
E
Hong Kong
Manila
Luzon
Mindoro
Panay
Negros
Palawan
Mindanao
Samar
Philippine
Islands
U.S. Forces
Battle
0
0 100 200 kilometers
100 200 miles
N
S
E
W
Despite the Spanish concessions, public opinion favored war. On April 11,
McKinley asked Congress for authority to use force against Spain. After a week of
debate, Congress agreed, and on April 20 the United States declared war.
THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Spanish thought the Americans would
invade Cuba. But the first battle of the war took place in a Spanish colony on the
other side of the world—the Philippine Islands.
On April 30, the American fleet in the Pacific steamed to the Philippines. The
next morning, Commodore George Dewey gave the command to open fire on
the Spanish fleet at Manila, the Philippine capital. Within hours, Dewey’s men
had destroyed every Spanish ship there. Dewey’s victory allowed U.S. troops to
land in the Philippines.
Dewey had the support of the Filipinos who, like the Cubans, also wanted
freedom from Spain. Over the next two months, 11,000 Americans joined forces
with Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo. In August, Spanish troops in Manila
surrendered to the United States.
THE WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN
In the Caribbean, hostilities began with a naval
blockade of Cuba. Admiral William T. Sampson effectively sealed up the Spanish
fleet in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba.
Dewey’s victory at Manila had demonstrated the superiority of United States
naval forces. In contrast, the army maintained only a small professional force,
supplemented by a larger inexperienced and ill-prepared volunteer force. About
America Claims an Empire 555
Santiago
S
h
a
f
t
e
r
J
u
n
e
2
2
–
J
u
l
y
1
,
1
8
9
8
M
i
l
e
s
J
u
l
y
2
5
–
A
u
g
.
1
3
,
1
8
9
8
C
e
r
v
e
r
a
M
a
y
,
1
8
9
8
S
c
h
l
e
y
S
a
m
p
s
o
n
Havana
Tampa
PUERTO
RICO
FLORIDA
Caribbean Sea
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
BAHAMAS
(Br.)
HAITI
JAMAICA
(Br.)
CUBA
15°N
Tropic of Cancer
N
S
E
W
U.S. Forces
U.S. Naval Blockade
Spanish Forces
Battle
0
0 100 300 kilometers
100 300 miles
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER
1.
Location Where does Cuba lie in relation to the United States?
2.
Location Look at the location of the Philippines. How does the
map help explain why Spain was surprised by the American attack
in the Philippines?
C
War in the Caribbean
War in the Philippines
The Spanish-American War, 1898
Skillbuilder
Answer
1. Cuba lies
close to the
United States, to
the south of
Florida.
2. The
Philippines lie
in the Pacific,
hundreds of
miles away from
the United
States. Spain
would not be
expecting U.S.
forces to come
from Hong Kong.
MAIN IDEA
MAIN IDEA
C
Analyzing
Events
How did the
Spanish try to
avoid war with the
United States?
C. Answer The
Spanish agreed
to all of the
demands of the
United States,
including a six
month cease
fire.
p0552-557aspe-0518s2 10/17/02 8:55 AM Page 555
Page 4 of 6
125,000 Americans had volunteered to fight. The new soldiers were sent to train-
ing camps that lacked adequate supplies and effective leaders. Moreover, there
were not enough modern guns to go around, and the troops were outfitted with
heavy woolen uniforms unsuitable for Cuba’s tropical climate. In addition, the
officers—most of whom were Civil War veterans—had a tendency to spend their
time recalling their war experiences rather than training the volunteers.
ROUGH RIDERS
Despite these handicaps, American forces landed in Cuba in
June 1898 and began to converge on the port city of Santiago. The army of 17,000
included four African-American regiments of the regular army and the Rough
Riders, a volunteer cavalry under the command of Leonard Wood and Theodore
Roosevelt. Roosevelt, a young New Yorker, had given up his job as Assistant
Secretary of the Navy to lead the group of volunteers. He would later become pres-
ident of the United States.
The most famous land battle in Cuba took place near Santiago on July 1. The
first part of the battle, on nearby Kettle Hill, featured a dramatic uphill charge by
the Rough Riders and two African-American regiments, the Ninth and Tenth
Cavalries. Their victory cleared
the way for an infantry attack on
the strategically important San
Juan Hill. Although Roosevelt
and his units played only a minor
role in the second victory, U.S.
newspapers declared him the
hero of San Juan Hill.
Two days later, the Spanish
fleet tried to escape the American
blockade of the harbor at Santiago.
The naval battle that followed,
along the Cuban coast, ended in
the destruction of the Spanish
fleet. On the heels of this victory,
American troops invaded Puerto
Rico on July 25.
TREATY OF PARIS
The United
States and Spain signed an
armistice, a cease-fire agreement,
on August 12, ending what
Secretary of State John Hay called
“a splendid little war.” The actual
fighting in the war had lasted
only 16 weeks.
On December 10, 1898, the
United States and Spain met in
Paris to agree on a treaty. At the peace talks, Spain freed Cuba and turned over the
islands of Guam in the Pacific and Puerto Rico in the West Indies to the United
States. Spain also sold the Philippines to the United States for $20 million.
DEBATE OVER THE TREATY
The Treaty of Paris touched off a great debate
in the United States. Arguments centered on whether or not the United States had
the right to annex the Philippines, but imperialism was the real issue. President
McKinley told a group of Methodist ministers that he had prayed for guidance on
Philippine annexation and had concluded “that there was nothing left for us to
do but to take them all [the Philippine Islands], and to educate the Filipinos, and
uplift and Christianize them.” McKinley’s need to justify imperialism may
Background
The Rough Riders
trained as cavalry
but fought on foot
because their
horses didn’t
reach Cuba in
time.
D
556 C
HAPTER 18
▼
These African-
American troops
prepare for battle
during the Spanish-
American War.
D. Answer
Spain freed
Cuba and turned
over the islands
of Guam and
Puerto Rico to
the United
States. Spain
also sold the
Philippines to
the United
States for
$20 million.
MAIN IDEA
MAIN IDEA
D
Summarizing
What were the
terms of the
Treaty of Paris?
p0552-557aspe-0518s2 10/17/02 8:55 AM Page 556
Page 5 of 6
have clouded his memory—most
Filipinos had been Christian for
centuries.
Other prominent Americans
presented a variety of arguments—
political, moral, and economic—
against annexation. Some felt that
the treaty violated the Declaration
of Independence by denying self-
government to the newly acquired
territories. The African-American
educator Booker T. Washington
argued that the United States
should settle race-related issues at
home before taking on social prob-
lems elsewhere. The labor leader
Samuel Gompers feared that
Filipino immigrants would com-
pete for American jobs.
On February 6, 1899, the
annexation question was settled
with the Senate’s approval of the
Treaty of Paris. The United States
now had an empire that included
Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the
Philippines. The next question
Americans faced was how and
when the United States would add
to its dominion.
America Claims an Empire 557
•José Martí
•Valeriano Weyler
•yellow journalism
•U.S.S. Maine
•George Dewey
•Rough Riders
•San Juan Hill
•Treaty of Paris
1. TERMS & NAMES For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
MAIN IDEA
2. TAKING NOTES
In 1898, a debate raged in the
United States over whether the
U.S. had the right to annex the
Philippines. Use a graphic organizer
like the one below to summarize the
pros and cons of this debate.
Which side do you support? Why?
CRITICAL THINKING
3. MAKING INFERENCES
What do you think were the
unstated editorial policies of yellow
journalism? Support your answer
with evidence from the text.
Think About:
• James Creelman’s account of
Spanish atrocities against
Cubans (page 552)
• Hearst’s remark to Remington
• the Journal headline about the
explosion of the battleship
Maine
4. ANALYZING EFFECTS
Many anti-imperialists worried that
imperialism might threaten the
American democratic system. How
might this happen?
5. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
In 1898 Theodore Roosevelt
resigned his post as Assistant
Secretary of the Navy to organize
the Rough Riders. Why do you think
Roosevelt was willing to take this
risk? How do you think this decision
affected his political career?
Reasons in Favor
of Annexation
Reasons Against
Annexation
The Annexation of
the Philippines
▼
This lithograph criticizes American foreign policy in 1898. In the
cartoon, Uncle Sam is riding a bicycle with wheels labeled “western
hemisphere” and “eastern hemisphere.” He has abandoned his
horse, on whose saddle appears “Monroe Doctrine,” because the
horse is too slow.
p0552-557aspe-0518s2 10/17/02 8:55 AM Page 557
Page 6 of 6
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